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Obesity
Obesity is a condition where a person accumulates abnormal or excessive body fat that causes negative effect on health. For an individual, obesity is usually a result of an imbalance between calories consumed and expanded.
Even as India battles malnutrition, the country has developed another nutritional problem—obesity. In past 10 years, the number of obese people has doubled in the country and According to a National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of 2016, 20.7% of Indian women and 18.6% of Indian men in the age group of 15 to 49 are overweight.
Overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight and act as a predisposing factor for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (heart attack and stroke), diabetes, joint problems, osteoarthritis, breathing problems, sleep disorders, and some cancers (including breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney and colon).
Obesity during childhood also causes breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, and psychological effects. In later life with high chances of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes can lead to disability and premature death.
A simple measure commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults is body mass index (BMI). BMI is defined as a person’s weight in kilogram divided by the square of its height in meters (Kg/m2).
Internationally, a BMI over 25 kg/m2 is considered overweight. Due to genetic tendency of Indians towards abdominal obesity and its associated risk of related lifestyle diseases like Diabetes & Heart Disease, a BMI over 25 kg/m2 is considered obese. Normal BMI is 18.0-22.9 kg/m2 and Overweight: 23.0-24.9 kg/m2.
What is Bariatric Surgery?
When regular exercise and diet are not just enough to cut down the excess fat from the patient’s body, Bariatric Surgery helps individuals to cut down that extra amount of fat with a modified digestive system. Along with the better quality of life, bariatric surgery also increases an individual’s lifespan. Though, Obesity Surgery is considered clinically complete only when accompanied by a healthy diet and lifestyle changes.
Weight loss surgery or Bariatric surgery is a surgery done on the human stomach and intestines for decreasing the food absorbing capacity and restricting the quantity of food intake.
In a normal digestion process, the food first comes to the mouth where it is chewed and broken into smaller pieces. Then the food gets mixed with saliva and also with other enzyme-containing secretions. Then the food goes to the stomach where it is further broken down and dissolved with digestive juices. Here, the food is ready to be converted into nutrients and calories to be absorbed from. The next station is the top of the small intestine, duodenum. Here the food is mixed up with pancreatic juice and bile.
While this is the regular way, with Bariatric surgery, this normal procedure is clinically disrupted so that the food cannot be broken down, dissolved with the digestive juices and absorbed in the natural way.
The amount of calories and nutrients absorbed from the food is reduced which helps in weight loss.
When Bariatric surgery is required
A simple measure commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults is body mass index (BMI). BMI is defined as a person’s weight in kilogram divided by the square of its height in meters (Kg/m2). ACCORDING TO INDIAN/ ASIAN GUIDELINES FOR BARIATRIC SURGERY AN INDIVIDUAL WITH BMI of over 37.5 kg/m2 (WITHOUT ANY COEXISTING MEDICAL PROBLEMS LIKE DIABETES, HEART DISEASES, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE ETC. ) and a BMI of over 32.5 kg/m2 ( IF PATIENT IS HAVING OTHER MEDICAL PROBLEMS) is considered EXTREMELY/MORBID obese and IS A CANDIDATE FOR BARIATRIC SURGERY.
Besides weight loss, BARIATRIC SURGERY HAS a secondary impact IN RESOLUTION OF heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, arthritis and sleep apnea etc.
Types of Bariatric Surgery
Bariatric surgery (or weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. Bariatric surgical procedures cause weight loss by restricting the amount of food the stomach can hold, causing malabsorption of nutrients, or by a combination of both gastric restriction and malabsorption. Bariatric procedures also often cause hormonal changes. NO ONE SURGERY CAN CURE ALL THE PATIENTS. SO DEPENDING OF PATIENT PROFILE, HIS CO EXISTING DISEASES, MEDICAL PROBLEMS, DIFFERENT type of bariatric surgery can be offered to DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL.
Surgery may be performed using an “open” approach, which involves cutting open the abdomen or by means of laparoscopy, during which surgical instruments are guided into the abdomen through small half-inch incisions. Today, most bariatric surgery is laparoscopic because compared with open surgery, it requires less extensive cuts, causes relatively minimal tissue damage, leads to fewer post-operative complications and allows for earlier hospital discharge.
The most common bariatric surgery procedures are gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric band, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Each surgery has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Gastric Bypass
The Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass – often called gastric bypass – is considered the ‘gold standard’ of weight loss surgery.
The Procedure
There are two components to the procedure. First, a small stomach pouch, approximately one ounce or 30 milliliters in volume, is created by dividing the top of the stomach from the rest of the stomach. Next, the first portion of the small intestine is divided, and the bottom end of the divided small intestine is brought up and connected to the newly created small stomach pouch. The procedure is completed by connecting the top portion of the divided small intestine to the small intestine further down so that the stomach acids and digestive enzymes from the bypassed stomach and first portion of small intestine will eventually mix with the food.
The gastric bypass works by several mechanisms. First, similar to most bariatric procedures, the newly created stomach pouch is considerably smaller and facilitates significantly smaller meals, which translates into less calories consumed. Additionally, because there is less digestion of food by the smaller stomach pouch, and there is a segment of small intestine that would normally absorb calories as well as nutrients that no longer has food going through it, there is probably to some degree less absorption of calories and nutrients.
Most importantly, the rerouting of the food stream produces changes in gut hormones that promote satiety, suppress hunger, and reverse one of the primary mechanisms by which obesity induces type 2 diabetes.
Advantages
- Produces significant long-term weight loss (60 to 80 percent excess weight loss)
- Restricts the amount of food that can be consumed
- May lead to conditions that increase energy expenditure
- Produces favorable changes in gut hormones that reduce appetite and enhance satiety
- Typical maintenance of >50% excess weight loss
Disadvantages
- Is technically a more complex operation than the AGB or LSG and potentially could result in greater complication rates
- Can lead to long-term vitamin/mineral deficiencies particularly deficits in vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and folate
- Generally has a longer hospital stay than the AGB
- Requires adherence to dietary recommendations, life-long vitamin/mineral supplementation, and follow-up compliance
Sleeve Gastrectomy
The Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy – often called the sleeve – is performed by removing approximately 80 percent of the stomach. The remaining stomach is a tubular pouch that resembles a banana.
The Procedure
This procedure works by several mechanisms. First, the new stomach pouch holds a considerably smaller volume than the normal stomach and helps to significantly reduce the amount of food (and thus calories) that can be consumed. The greater impact, however, seems to be the effect the surgery has on gut hormones that impact a number of factors including hunger, satiety, and blood sugar control.
Short term studies show that the sleeve is as effective as the roux-en-Y gastric bypass in terms of weight loss and improvement or remission of diabetes. There is also evidence that suggest the sleeve, similar to the gastric bypass, is effective in improving type 2 diabetes independent of the weight loss. The complication rates of the sleeve fall between those of the adjustable gastric band and the roux-en-y gastric bypass.
Advantages
- Restricts the amount of food the stomach can hold
- Induces rapid and significant weight loss that comparative studies find similar to that of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Weight loss of >60% for 3-5+ year data, and weight loss comparable to that of the bypass with maintenance of >50%
- Requires no foreign objects (AGB), and no bypass or re-routing of the food stream (RYGB)
- Involves a relatively short hospital stay of approximately 2 days
- Causes favorable changes in gut hormones that suppress hunger, reduce appetite and improve satiety
Disadvantages
- Is a non-reversible procedure
- Has the potential for long-term vitamin deficiencies
- Has a higher early complication rate than the AGB
Adjustable Gastric Band
The Adjustable Gastric Band – often called the band – involves an inflatable band that is placed around the upper portion of the stomach, creating a small stomach pouch above the band, and the rest of the stomach below the band.
The Procedure
The common explanation of how this device works is that with the smaller stomach pouch, eating just a small amount of food will satisfy hunger and promote the feeling of fullness. The feeling of fullness depends upon the size of the opening between the pouch and the remainder of the stomach created by the gastric band. The size of the stomach opening can be adjusted by filling the band with sterile saline, which is injected through a port placed under the skin.
Reducing the size of the opening is done gradually over time with repeated adjustments or “fills.” The notion that the band is a restrictive procedure (works by restricting how much food can be consumed per meal and by restricting the emptying of the food through the band) has been challenged by studies that show the food passes rather quickly through the band, and that absence of hunger or feeling of being satisfied was not related to food remaining in the pouch above the band. What is known is that there is no malabsorption; the food is digested and absorbed as it would be normally.
The clinical impact of the band seems to be that it reduces hunger, which helps the patients to decrease the amount of calories that are consumed.
Advantages
- Reduces the amount of food the stomach can hold
- Induces excess weight loss of approximately 40 – 50 percent
- Involves no cutting of the stomach or rerouting of the intestines
- Requires a shorter hospital stay, usually less than 24 hours, with some centers discharging the patient the same day as surgery
- Is reversible and adjustable
- Has the lowest rate of early postoperative complications and mortality among the approved bariatric procedures
- Has the lowest risk for vitamin/mineral deficiencies
Disadvantages
- Slower and less early weight loss than other surgical procedures
- Greater percentage of patients failing to lose at least 50 percent of excess body weight compared to the other surgeries commonly performed
- Requires a foreign device to remain in the body
- Can result in possible band slippage or band erosion into the stomach in a small percentage of patients
- Can have mechanical problems with the band, tube or port in a small percentage of patients
- Can result in dilation of the esophagus if the patient overeats
- Requires strict adherence to the postoperative diet and to postoperative follow-up visits
- Highest rate of re-operation
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS) Gastric Bypass
The Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch – abbreviated as BPD/DS – is a procedure with two components. First, a smaller, tubular stomach pouch is created by removing a portion of the stomach, very similar to the sleeve gastrectomy. Next, a large portion of the small intestine is bypassed.
The Procedure
The duodenum, or the first portion of the small intestine, is divided just past the outlet of the stomach. A segment of the distal (last portion) small intestine is then brought up and connected to the outlet of the newly created stomach, so that when the patient eats, the food goes through a newly created tubular stomach pouch and empties directly into the last segment of the small intestine. Roughly three-fourths of the small intestine is bypassed by the food stream.
The bypassed small intestine, which carries the bile and pancreatic enzymes that are necessary for the breakdown and absorption of protein and fat, is reconnected to the last portion of the small intestine so that they can eventually mix with the food stream. Similar to the other surgeries described above, the BPD/DS initially helps to reduce the amount of food that is consumed; however, over time this effect lessens and patients are able to eventually consume near “normal” amounts of food. Unlike the other procedures, there is a significant amount of small bowel that is bypassed by the food stream.
Additionally, the food does not mix with the bile and pancreatic enzymes until very far down the small intestine. This results in a significant decrease in the absorption of calories and nutrients (particularly protein and fat) as well as nutrients and vitamins dependent on fat for absorption (fat soluble vitamins and nutrients). Lastly, the BPD/DS, similar to the gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy, affects guts hormones in a manner that impacts hunger and satiety as well as blood sugar control. The BPD/DS is considered to be the most effective surgery for the treatment of diabetes among those that are described here.
Advantages
- Results in greater weight loss than RYGB, LSG, or AGB, i.e. 60 – 70% percent excess weight loss or greater, at 5 year follow up
- Allows patients to eventually eat near “normal” meals
- Reduces the absorption of fat by 70 percent or more
- Causes favorable changes in gut hormones to reduce appetite and improve satiety
- Is the most effective against diabetes compared to RYGB, LSG, and AGB
Disadvantages
- Has higher complication rates and risk for mortality than the AGB, LSG, and RYGB
- Requires a longer hospital stay than the AGB or LSG
- Has a greater potential to cause protein deficiencies and long-term deficiencies in a number of vitamin and minerals, i.e. iron, calcium, zinc, fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin D
- Compliance with follow-up visits and care and strict adherence to dietary and vitamin supplementation guidelines are critical to avoiding serious complications from protein and certain vitamin deficiencies
Mini Gastric Bypass
In recent years, a surgical technique known as single-anastomosis gastric bypass (SAGB) or mini-gastric bypass (MGB) has been developed; its frequency of performance has increased considerably in the current decade. This procedure proposes a simplification of Roux-en-Y bypass by performing a single anastomosis, with a significant reduction of technical complexity, shorter operative time and a potential reduction in morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the benefits provided by this procedure, including excess weight loss and resolution of comorbidities equivalent or even higher than those observed after the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Surgical and post-operative risks
Bariatric surgery has brought a new wave in the science of obesity treatment. However, all the procedures come with few post-operative and surgical risks and complications:
- All of these surgeries come with lifelong strict dietary and lifestyle restrictions
- The patients may lose more weight than required in malabsorptive procedures.
- Loosening and folding of the skin, Deep vein thrombosis, internal bleeding, pulmonary embolism and infections are few complications associated with these procedures but due to advancement in technique, well established and standardization of procedure technique, chances of these complication have decreased.
Death rate immediately after the operation in Obesity surgery is 1 in every 200.
